Climate change impacts on sea-ice ecosystems and associated ecosystem services

A rigorous synthesis of the sea-ice ecosystem and linked services highlights that supports all 4 service categories, ecosystems meet criteria for ecologically or biologically significant marine areas, global emissions driving climate change are directly to demise its services, deserves specific attention in evaluation protected area planning. The outlines (1) supporting provided form habitat, including feeding grounds nurseries microbes, meiofauna, fish, birds mammals (particularly key species Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, which tightly transfer carbon from primary producers higher trophic level mammal humans); (2) provisioning through harvesting medicinal genetic resources; (3) cultural Indigenous local knowledge systems, identity spirituality, via activities, tourism research; (4) (climate) regulating light regulation, production biogenic aerosols, halogen oxidation release uptake greenhouse gases, example, dioxide. ongoing changes polar regions have strong impacts on associated services. While response sea-ice–associated environmental is regionally variable, effect ice-associated predominantly negative, subsequently impacting human both regions. Conservation can help protect some functions. However, mitigation measure slow transition a strictly seasonal ice cover Ocean, reduce overall loss habitats ocean, thus preserve unique by sea their contributions well-being reduction emissions.